Task 2 Book Bibliography

A message for the media, young women talk- jane waghorn (editor) (1999)

Gulsen Huseyin- pg 48 – women can also interpret laddism as a sign that men would prefer them to go back to being more traditionally ‘feminine’ since men feel they are being more ‘masculine’

Pg 49 – the media are helping to perpetuate the divisions between men and women


David Gauntlett- Media, Gender and Identity (2002)


Masculinity crisis- women show that they can do everything that men can, this provider role becomes diminished.

‘Men were more likely to be assertive (or aggressive), whilst women were more likely to be passive. Men were much more likely to adventurous, active, and victorious, whereas women were more frequently shown as weak, ineffectual, victimised, supportive, or laughable or merely ‘token females’ (Gunter,1995) - pg43

Gaye Tuchman-symbolic annihilation -pg 43

Giddens, modernity, and self-identity- ‘Goffmans theatrical metaphor for everyday life- all the worlds a stage’

Everybody presents a performance for various audiences

Judith Butler- Queer theory and fluid identities

Butler argues the binary nature of sex is seen as given but this itself is a construction- a way of viewing bodies

It is our view of gender (which everyone agrees to be culturally constructed) which leads to this view of sex (pg 138)

Butler undermines feminisms one universal feature- an emphasis on women (pg139)

Gender as a performance- ‘behaviour is all that our gender is’ (chapter 7)

Madonna’s erotica album blurred gender confusions, fluidity of sexuality, and transgression of masculine and feminine stereotypes

Directions for living- role models, pop music, and self-help discourse – chapter 10
E.g. Madonna was a sexual icon in 1980-90s challenging traditional assumptions about female sexuality

‘Men with unusual feminine traits aren’t seen as role models’
r.m- Rihanna domestic situation- challenging stereotype model

Introducing Feminism- Cathia Jenainati- Judy groves (2007)
Nancy Friday -Made a career out of compiling and examining women’s sexual fantasies. She aimed to deconstruct the angel/whore dichotomy by celebrating women’s erotic pleasure in its various representations.

Representing women- myths of femininity in the popular media –by Myra Macdonald (2003)

Part 1- Disciplined approaches: redefining femininity
Pg13 – Tessa Perkins (1979) stereotypes survive by undergoing change and by convincing us that that are not entirely false
Pg28- Laura Mulvey ‘it is always possible that the female spectator may find herself so out of key with pleasure on offer with its ‘masculinization’ that the spell is broken’

Part 3- From Mrs Happyman to kissing chaps goodbye: advertising reconstructs femininity’
Pg87- feminist were criticized for ignoring the existing facts of life, i.e that the majority of women still see themselves as housewives and that a high proportion of products are aimed at women in their traditional role rather than in their business role.’ (ASA Spokesperson in the Guardian, 26 June, 1978)

Part 4-Enigma Variations
Pg 105- women are ‘either idealised as Goddesses or dreaded as man devouring monsters’
(Fay Weldon, The life and lovers as a She devil, 1983) ‘Nothing is impossible, not for she devils. Peel away the wife, the mother, find the woman, and there the she devil is’
The contrast between the image and the text renews interest in the riddle of femininity, posing sexuality against innocence, fragility against strength, and vulnerability against self-confident indifference.
Marina Warner pg 110- the female form tends to be perceived as generic and universal with symbolic overtones; the male as individual even when it is being used to express a generalized idea’
Refashioning the body pg 215- Barthes ‘ there is social prohibition against the feminization of men, there is almost none against the masculinization of women’
‘A woman attired as a man may be seen as ‘power dressing’ or as adapting the mannerism of lesbianism’